قواعد اللغة الانجليزيـــــــــة

GRAMMAR ا ا ا Prepared by Mulla 2002 May 2002 version 0 Reference Grammar For All Levels By Adnan Naim ا ا Main Menu English Alphabetic -ا 012ا Parts of Speech م567ا م89أ أ-اع اSentences lt7 Verb to BE ن6 ltCD Verb to DO ltC ltCD Verb to HAVE H ltCD Nouns ء8J2ا Countable Nouns ودة0C7ا ء8J2ا Spelling Rules for Plurals P7ا ء5Qإ 0Sا Uncountable Nouns ودة0C7ا UV7ا ء8J2ا Definite amp Indefinite Articles ةU6Y7ا و ZUC7ا أدوات Pronouns U87ا Object Pronouns 1 لCb7ا U8c Reflexive Pronouns J86C-eا U8c Relative Pronouns ltf7ا U8c Making Questions iJ2ا j6k تe8CJا How somenC1 anyأي Making Negative pbY7ا j6k TENSES YQز2ا Present Simple Tense s9t7ا رع87ا Past Simple Tense s9t7ا pc87ا Future Simple Tense s9t7ا lttv97ا Present Continuous Tense U97ا رع87ا Past Continuous Tense U97ا pc87ا Future Continuous Tense U97ا lttv97ا Present Perfect Tense م87ا رع87ا Past Perfect Tense م87ا pc87ا Future Perfect Tense م87ا lttv97ا Present Perfect Continuous U97ا م87ا رع87ا Imperatives UQ2ا Vf Modals w8Y7ا ل8CD2ا Comparing Adjectives ت8bw7ا -ر8vQ اUz7وف اx2ال Adverbs Active amp Passive ل7 pYt7ا و مC7 pYt7ا Transitive amp Intransitive Verbs و Qز57ا ل8CD2ا ا8CD2ل ا0C7 Prepositions U7ا وفUx Question-Tags 7ا iJ2ا Conditional if U7ا 7 Reported Speech لvY7ا م567ا Countries and Nationalities ت89Y7ا و ان0t7ا

English Alphabetic اamp اquot 1 Capital Letters ةUt67ا -ا 012ا 2 Small Letters ةUVw7ا -ا 012ا Consonant Letters Yآ897ا وفU7ا Vowels Letters آU7ا وفU7ا N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z a e i o u Parts of Speech أ م ا-م Ahmed writes quickly SU91 6 0xأ ه 8tSرة jS آ Zwk اCb7gt أو 8xcو bw7ا 0k Adverb 4ل pD ءp وث0x S ل0 8Q ه Play played will play و 8Q Verb 678 rich man pY ltر Jeا vtJ 8Yه bw7ا أن xe p7ا 1UC7ا V7ا 6C1 فf7ا فf7ا Jeا 0C1 bw7ا 8D ن6k ه 8tSرة jS آ Zwk اJe و6kن t Adjective gtل 7lt lt أو Jا S ل0 8Q ه I he she it etc Q Pronoun Noun Ahmed book اBC

Parts of Speech أ م ا-م Alas She died k8Q 0v7 ZJ7 8 ه 8tSرة jS أfات أو 8fت C7ا jS UtCk Interjection E7 ف4 Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday Qأ 8-زارو 0xأ و pS ه آ j1 8Q ltwk آ و آ أو و Conjunction 4ف اH7lt gtل 7lt Ahmed goes to school Jر07ا 7إ ه 0xأ They traveled by plane ةU8781 واUD8J ه ه آ PQ pkk اJe أو ىUأ 61 5S jt7 U7ا Preposition 4ف ا Parts of Speech أ م ا-م This is an apple ه x8bk ةU6Y7ا Jeا ltt م09k كUQ فU1 أ0t ي7ا This is the book I bought yesterday ها ه ا867ب ا7ي اU أQ ZUC7 م09k gtل 7lt This is a book ها آ8ب ةU6Y7ا Jeا ltt م09k jآ8J فU1 أ0t ي7ا ه8Yك 5ث أدوات pD اV7 ا- a an the Article أداة a an the

L4- يk وأن 01e -ا 7ا أن Uآ781 U07ا 8D ن6k 0 p7ا 1UC7ا V7ا ف5 ltCD S t pS ltQ ltCD ون01 أي Jا 7ا لv- 8DUx -ا 7إ 8Uk 8-أرد 7و Ali doctor S 8اxا م0C7 i8 -إ وه twD ltCD 87 P- أن w7وا ltCD Ali is a doctor Sentences أquotPاع ا6 Simple Sentences 91 lt Compound Sentences tآUQ lt Complex Sentences ة0vCQ lt

Simple Sentences H 6R svD 0xوا ltCD S يk p7ا 7ا pه ل8Q 1 I saw a boy 2 The boy was riding a bicycle 91 ة0xوا ن6Y7 j7ا s1ر j6 I saw a boy riding a bicycle Compound Sentences Sآ 6R f 87 j91 j jQ آUk p7ا 7ا pه x ltv9Q YCQ 8YQ lt67و nCt7ا 8Ct1 ltQ ZS فU1 81ر and but or and 8C1 j1 5S 87 j s1Uk gtH7ا واو Ahmed did his homework Anas helped him ة0xوا ن6Y7 j7ا s1ر j6 Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him

Compound Sentences Sآ 6R but j8YQ أو jbQ ji jS j s1Uk V Khaled is rich He is unhappy ة0xوا ن6Y7 j7ا s1ر j6 Khaled is rich but he is unhappy or ر8 8D ن6 j s1Uk أو We can play football We can watch TV ة0xوا ن6Y7 j7ا s1ر j6 We can play football or we can watch TV Complex Sentences ة7 6R tآUQ و 0xوا ltCD jQ Uأآ S يk p7ا 7ا pه j jQ Main Clause J8Jأ اع-أ 5 pوه Subordinate Clause -8 Noun Clause Jأ Adjectival Clause bfو Adverbial Clause DU

Clause amp Phrase ا و YSZ ا A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete meaning ل8Q م8k YCQ 87 و ltCD S يk ت8آ SQ pه 7ا I saw the man who was carrying a stick A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but without a verb ltCD ون01 7ا jQ ءا ن6k ت8آ SQ jS رة8tS 7ا t ل8Q I saw the man carrying a stick Verb to BE نP 678 It is used as a principal and a helping verb 0S89Qو p9ر ltCbآ م09 We They are were been You He She It is was been I am was been Past participle أBC اP7ل Past e Present gرع Subject 6h8

Verb to BE نP 678 18 8vx أو دات8S jS UtC7 رع87ا Vf م09- pD -وا ltwx ءp jS UtC7 pc87ا Vf م09- pc87ا Examples Qأ 1 I am a pupil 2 They are boys Negative Sentences with the verb to BE نP 67 iا 6ا We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word not after the verb to be آ Pc1 ن6 ltCD PQ bYQ lt ن6- 0C1 not You are tall You are not tall I am at home I am not at home Negative equot Affirmative إSkت

Making Questions with the verb to BE نP 678 o الp ا VP Yes or No questions and short answers اiJ2 ب -C و e و ا818ت UwQة No they were not Were the boys at school Yes they were Are you a teacher Yes I am No I am not No Subject Be not Yes Subject Be Complement 6k Subject ltS8D Be Negative equot Affirmative إSkت Short Answers إ818ت UwQة Yes or No questions e و C- 1 818إ iJأ Verb to DO 67 678 It is used as a principal and a helping verb 0S89Q ltCDو p9ر ltCbآ م09 He She It does did done I you we do did done they Past participle أBC اP7ل Past e Present gرع Subject 6h8 18 8vx أو دات8S jS UtC7 رع87ا Vf م09- pc87ا pD -وا ltwx ءp jS UtC7 pc87ا Vf م09-

Verb to HAVE s 678 It is used as a principal and a helping verb 0S89Q ltCDو p9ر ltCbآ م09 He She It has had had I you we have had had they Past participle أBC اP7ل Past e Present gرع Subject 6h8 18 8vx أو دات8S jS UtC7 رع87ا Vf م09- pc87ا pD -وا ltwx ءp jS UtC7 pc87ا Vf م09- Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb e ر 67آ s 678 o iا 6ا breakfast this morning They did not have He does not have A new watch I do not have a car Complement not have dodoesdid Subject 6h8

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb e ر 67آ s 678 o الp ا VP Does he have a new watch Yes he does No he does not Breakfast this morning a car Complement 6k Did they have Yes they did No they did not Do you have Yes I do No I do not No Subject dodoesdid not Yes Subject dodoesdid Subject have ltS8D DoDoesDid Negative equot Affirmative إSkت Short Answers إ818ت UwQة Yes or No questions e و C- 1 818إ iJأ Verb to HAVE as a helping verb h 67آ s 678 Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense م87ا رع87ا jQز ن67 0S89Q ltCbآ H ltCD م09 أQ They have lived here for two years Adel has just finished his work

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb h 67آ s 678 o iا 6ا ltCb7ا اه 0C1 P- H ltCD PQ pb- j67 أQ I have lived here for a long time I have not lived here for a long time not Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb h 67آ s 678 o الp ا VP Yes or No questions and short answers ا1 iJ2 -C و e و ا818ت UwQة م0v- 0S89Q ltCbآ H ltCD PQ الJ j67 ها اS ltCb7 اS8b7gt ل8Q They have lived here for a long time Have they lived here for a long time Yes they have No they have not

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE اyzCات أxى s 678 o To express necessity in the present and past have to has to had to ل8Q pc87ا و رع87ا pD ورةU7ا jS UtC7 I have to leave now With some model auxiliaries ل8Q w8Y7ا ل8CD2ا nC1 PQ You had better see a doctor To show that something is caused by another person ل8Q Uا Jا1 ltwx 8Q 8i أن jt7 I have my shoes cleaned every week اampCء Nouns Nouns are words we use to name Uآ7 8Q09- p7ا ت867ا pه ء8J2ا اp S Jء 86Qن أ86Dر Cر رC Feelings happiness anger boredom joy ر86Dأ Ideas freedom honesty truth jآ8Qأ Places school street city house ء8أ Things book table sugar fruit ص8أ People man father teacher neighbor

Countable amp Uncountable Nouns اampCء ا7ودة و ا7ودة Countable Nouns are things that be counted as one two three and so on 0xوا 1 8ه0S j6 p7ا ء82ا pه ودة0C7ا ء8J2ا ا8Yن 5 وه6ا Uncountable Nouns cannot be counted j6 e أي 8ه0S j6 e p7ا pه ودة0CQ UV7ا ء8J2ا 8t ر Pcو Countable Nouns اampCء ا7ودة These nouns have singular and plural forms P و دةUbQ 2f 87 ء8J2ا ه Before singular countable nouns you can use aan ام0Jا P9k ودة0C7ا دةUb7ا ء8J2ا ltt You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as a an one my your his etc ون01 8دهUb1 ودة0CQ دةUbQ ء8Jأ ام0Jا P9- e ا867ت اv1897 aan

Spelling Rules for Plurals Pاh إ-ء اo We form plurals of most nouns by adding s to the singular noun D8c31 ء8J2ا zCQ jQ P7ا ن6- دUb7ا J57 s one horse many horses one book two books Singular Plural Spelling Rules for Plurals Pاh إ-ء اo 4ت x es gt gquot وف ezi sh ch z x s ezا ءCampا match matches bus buses box boxes dish dishes Singular Plural

Spelling Rules for Plurals Pاh إ-ء اo 4ت x gt gquotو ف VآC ف4 YSCو ف ezi ezا ءCampا city cities baby babies Singular Plural ies y y 8 gt gquot كz ف4 YSCو ف ezi e s y zا ءCampا key keys boy boys Singular Plural Spelling Rules for Plurals Pاh إ-ء اo 4ت x gt gquot VآC ف4 YSCو ف ezi ezا ءCampا potato potatoes tomato tomatoes Singular Plural es o 8 gt gquot كz ف4 YSCو ف ezi e s o zا ءCampا zoo zoos radio radios Singular Plural

Spelling Rules for Plurals Pاh إ-ء اo 4ت x اampCء اezi ez ف أو quotP إ 4ف وquotg lt knife knives shelf shelves Singular Plural xampا BCا E 4 o Sآا ءCampا policeman policemen classroom classrooms Singular Plural es v fe f Spelling Rules for Plurals Pاh إ-ء اo 4ت x هiك 7S اampCء اذة foot feet person people child children woman women man men goose geese tooth teeth mouse mice Singular Plural

Uncountable Nouns اampCء اOE ا7ودة Uncountable nouns cannot be counted D8c31 87 P e p7ا pه أQ salt coffee tea food meat gold music blood ء8J2ا ltt أو ام0Jا P9k e ودة0C7ا UV7ا es s an a Uncountable Nouns اampCء اOE ا7ودة cloth ش8 music vJQ marble م8ر rain UQ steel 00x grass S rice رز wood furniture ت8وUbQ milk x paper ورق bread t news ر8tأ glass ج8ز cheese jt sugar U6J gold ذه blood دم butter 01ز food م8C tea ي8 information ت8QCQ coffee ة knowledge DUCQ flour د salt Q meat 7 ا V اampCء اOE ا7ودة

Uncountable Nouns اampCء اOE ا7ودة دUb7ا Q8CQ ltQ8Ck ودة0C7ا UV7ا ء8J2ا P أQ Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia Milk has many minerals UV7ا Jeا ltt 67ا S ل0k ت8آ Ccو 7 j67 و P7ا Q8CQ ltQ8C -D ود0CQ Two cups of tea are not enough for me Five liters of oil do not operate this machine Definite amp Indefinite Articles أدوات ا7zlt و اiة aan are used as indefinite articles ةU6- دواتآ ن8Q09k The is used as definite articles ZUC7 داةآ م09k We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound jآ8J فU1 أ0tk p7ا ء8J2ا ltt P- We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound كUQ فU1 أ0tk p7ا ء8J2ا ltt P- a an

Indefinite Articles a amp an أدوات اiة We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound jآ8J فU1 أ0tk p7ا ء8J2ا ltt P- We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound كUQ فU1 أ0tk p7ا ء8J2ا ltt P- آU7ا وفU7ا Vowels a e i o - u a an Indefinite Articles a amp an أدوات اiة We use aan He washes his hands ten times a day means every day pYCk p7ا م8ر2ا PQ آgt With numbers that mean every Saleh is a doctor He is an engineer She is an English women أو b 7ا ltt jQ YCQ SQ ا8Y7س أو ا9Y7 Before a job a particular group of people or a nationality a table an egg دةUb7ا ء8J2ا ltt ا0C7ودة Before a singular countable noun

Indefinite Articles a amp an أدوات اiة We DO NOT use aan There are books on the table Milk is good for you 09k eم أي أداة ء8J2ا أو P7ا ltt ودة0CQ UV7ا No article is used before plural or uncountable nouns Love beauty hatred wood silver gold PQ أداة أي م09k e ا8J2ء اYC7 و أ8Jء ا8C7دن No article is used with abstract nouns and the names of metals The Definite Article The أدوات ا7zlt أل The is used before ltt أل ZUC7ا أداة م09k The names of musical vJ7ا تeoا ء8Jأ Can you play the duff instruments Umar answered the question اJe ا7ي 6ن CbQل 1 7 A noun which is the object of a sentence The Arabian Gulf The Red Sea أ8Jء ا8-2ر و ا8t7را7 Names of rivers seas oceans etc The river Nile The Kaaba jQ 0 e ي7ا Jeا svD 0xوا ىJ S- A noun that is the only one of its kind

The Definite Article The أدوات ا7zlt أل The is used before ltt أل ZUC7ا أداة م09k Listen to the radionews Go to the marketdesert With some general Q8C7ا اتUtC7ا nC1 PQ expressions On the first day of every month With dates ار7ا PQ at the weekend in the evening S 7ا07ا U18C7ا nC1 PQ ا7 With some time expressions The United Kingdom The USA Names of some ان0t7ا nC1 ء8Jأ countries The Definite Article The أدوات ا7zlt أل on Monday in June in summer sometimes in the summer before breakfast PQ أداة أي م09k e و م82ا ltQ YCQ ء8Jأ ا7ر No article is used before such words such as day and month names I am going to school I always go to bed early ltt أداة أي م09k e Jر0Q ltQ YCQ ء8Jأ ltS UUJ لYQ No article is used before such words as school home bed work etc I do not like science My favorite subject is mathematics PQ أداة أي م09k e أ8Jء ا7اد ا07راJ No article is used with the names of studies of subjects I saw a man The man was young أل ZUC7ا أداة م09- ةU7 Uذآ ي7ا Jeا PQ -87ا Use article with the name that is repeated

Pronouns gا A pronoun replaces a noun Jeا ltQ lt U7ا We us our ours ourselves you you your yours yourself he him his his himself she her her hers herself them you it me Object Pronouns 1 لCb7ا U8c their your its my Possessive Adjectives 67ا ت8bf they theirs themselves you yours yourselves it its itself I mine myself Reflexive Pronouns س86C-eا U8c Possessive Pronouns 67ا U8c Subject Pronouns ltS8b7ا U8c Pronouns gا We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about أي jS أو jQ PQ S S ن6- 8Q0YS Jeا jQ e01 U7ا م09- pء -f0ث Examples Qأ Ali is a good student He passes all his tests

Object Pronouns اP7ل Y We use an object pronoun 1 لCb7ا Uc م09- After a preposition U7ا وفUx 0C1 After to and for with verbs like make give send lend pass take show Do you live near them Send the box directly to me The little boy made it for her Reflexive Pronouns C7quotا Reflexive pronouns are used J86C-اU8c م09- for emphasize 0آ7 With some special expressions f87ا U18C7ا nC1 PQ Did you do the decorations yourself I did the painting myself Help yourself Enjoy yourself Behave yourself I live by myself I live alone

Relative Pronouns 6Pا The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together nCt1 8C1 lt7ا s1U7 ltf7ا U8c م09k و s1U7 ا7gt اPtk ا7oeات اko 8CQ jS t- -87ا 7ا pD رةU6Q آ jS t- -١ ltC9- 58S 5S8D -8آ ذا3D ltCb7ا 0C1 6 7ا د1 H7ذ فUC- و ltC9- 58S 1 eCbQ -8آ وإذا ltC9- lt8S U -8آ إذا و ltb- e 8Y-أ eإ v1897ا ت867ا jQ آ أي ل01 م09D 8Qأ lt7ا P pD 878CJا آ ltC9- 67 -8آ إذا و pD Q Dx ي7ا Jeا Pcو -87ا 7ا jQ رةU67ا 67ا فxا -٢ ا7 ا2و7 who whom which whose that Relative Pronouns 6Pا 7ا أول د1 ltS8b7ا فUC- 8Ct و lt8C7ا ltS8b7ا ltQ lt7 م09k p787ا ل87ا xe Here is the man The man is a doctor 7ا P- 8YQ e01 P- و -87ا 7ا jQ آ ف- twD 7و2ا 7ا pD 8Q 8YDx p7ا 67ا 0C1 -87ا Here is the man who is a doctor أQ 1 The man came here The man was a doctor The man who was here is a doctor 2 My friend swims well He lives here My friend who lives here swims well who Who ezا يا 67ا 6h who The man

Relative Pronouns 6Pا د1 1 لCb7ا فUC- 8Ct و lt8C7ا 1 لCb7ا ltQ lt7 ltC9k p787ا ل87ا xe ltCb7ا 0C1 The man came here I visited him P-و -87ا 7ا أول P- -87ا 7ا jQ آ ف- 87إ دC p7ا 8Q 8YDx p7ا 67ا 0C1 -87ا 7ا و لf7ا Jeا twD U7ا The man whom I visited came here أQ 1 The man was working with me I paid him The man whom I paid was working with me 2 This is the girl You gave her a flower This is the girl whom you gave a flower whom اP7ل Y ا67 اي اWhom ez whom him Relative Pronouns 6Pا أول د1 ltS8b7ا فUC - 8Ct و lt8S UV7ا لCb7ا أو ltS8b7ا ltQ lt7 ltC9k p787ا ل87ا xe ltCb7ا 0C1 0D 1 لCb7ا 8Qأ 7ا He found his book He lost it yesterday أول pD 8YQ e01 P- و 8DYD آ S دCk آ أن ىU- 8Q 8YDx p7ا 67ا 0C1 -87ا 7ا و لf7ا Jeا P- -87ا 7ا twD U7ا 87إ دC p7ا He found his book which he lost yesterday أQ 1 This is the house I live in it This is the house which I live in 2 This book is cheap It is very useful This book which is very useful is cheap which د ا6h أو اP7ل Y اي اWhich ez which his book him

Relative Pronouns 6Pا و lt8C7ا 1 لCb7ا أو ltS8b7ا ltQ lt7 ltC9k xe 8xU tJ أداة أي ltQ ltk أي lt8S U 787ا Q2ا This is the boy You met her This is the boy that whom you met I have a bird It sings I have a bird that which sings that 67 و ا67 ا6h أو اP7ل Y اي اThat ez Relative Pronouns 6Pا p787ا ل87ا xe 67 ltC9k This is the man His car hit the boy This is the man whose his car hit the boy و 6 7ا Uc فYD 7 آQ آ أن 0- 8Yه آ 8ه0C1 P- لf7ا Jeا YQ e01 P- whose اي اWhose ez car car whose the man

Making Questions Campا VP pD 0S897ا ltCb7ا P- الJ 7إ Ut7ا 7ا lt7 ا0t7ا pه ة0S897ا ل8CD2اHelping Verbs am is are was were have has had will would shall should can could may might must ought to أQ They are doctors Are they doctors She can help us Can they help us I will go to the market Will you go to the market Making Questions Campا VP 0S89Q ltCD 781 j6 7 إذا م09- ون01 رع87ا ltCb7ا PQ ١ أQ They play tennis Do they play tennis I write books Do you write books م09- 1 ي7ا رع87ا ltCb7ا PQ ٢ أQ Ahmed plays tennis Does Ahmed play tennis Huda watch TV Does Huda watch TV 0S897ا ltCb7ا د7 H7ذ و ول2ا ZUw7ا fأ 7إ ltCb7ا دة8Sإ xe 0S897ا ltCb7ا د7 H7ذ و ول2ا ZUw7ا fأ 7إ ltCb7ا دة8Sإ xe s s do does

Making Questions Campا VP 0S89Q ltCD 781 j6 7 إذا م09- pc87ا ltCb7ا PQ ٣ أQ They watched TV last night Did they watch TV last night I played football yesterday Did you play football yesterday zx5Q داة1 أ0tk 7 8-2 H7ذ و أو 1 818إ ن6k v1897ا iJ2ا P Jال 0S897ا ltCb7ا د7 H7ذ و ول2ا ZUw7ا fأ 7إ ltCb7ا دة8Sإ xe No Yes did Making Questions Campا VP Whom jQ lt8S 1 لCbQ jS ال97 Who jQ lt8S ltS8D jS ال97 Which أي ji j1 ر857 What ذا8Q 8Q ءp jS ال97 Why ذا87 t97ا jS ال97 When Q ن8Q7ا jS ال97 Where jأ ن867ا jS ال97 9k p7ا و 787ا ال97ا وات أد ى0x31 أ0t أن D YCQ QCQ ء8Sإ ال97ا jQ ف07ا ن8آ إذا Wh Questions

Making Questions Campا VP How far 0C1 آ D897ا jS ال97 How old US آ UC7ا jS ال97 How long ل آ ل7ا jS ال97 How much آ آ 67ا jS ال97 How many د0S آ د0C7ا jS ال97 How Zآ 787ا jS ال97 Whose j7 67ا jS ال97 Wh Questions Cont Steps for Making a Question الp ا VP اتPHx ltQ YS ال97ا ادU7ا ء7 tJ8Y7ا ال97ا أداة Uا ١ When Where Whyetc أداة 0C1 أي ltS8b7ا ltt 0و إن 0S897ا ltCb7ا Pc ٢ ا97ال U8tQة م0Jا 0S89Q ltCD 781 j6 7 إذا ٣ م09- ون01 رع87ا ltCb7ا PQ م09- 1 ي7ا رع87ا ltCb7ا PQ م09- pc87ا ltCb7ا PQ أو 5fأ 781 د7ا اءJ 0S897ا ltCb7ا 0C1 ltS8b7ا Pc ٤ fأ 7إ ltCb7ا دة8Sإ zx5Q PQ 8-0YS jQ 8ه8YQ0Jا p7ا أي bUwk ا2ول ٥ اxف ا7ء اU7اد ا97ال 2 YS- اب ا97ال helping verb do s does s did

Steps for Making a Question الp ا VP اتPHx أQ They are going to eat meat What are they going to eat آ 8YDx 0S897ا ltCb7ا pه 8-2 S 8YQ0 8Y-أ xe ال97ا S اب7ا 8-2 They played tennis at school Where did they play tennis و pc8 7ا pD ltCb7ا ن2 و 0S89Q ltCD دو م0C7 8YQ0Jا 8Y-أ xe 8YDx 8Y-أ xe و fأ 7أ kد8S ltCb7ا jQ فx 8أ xe ال97ا S اب7ا 8-2 meat they are did at school ed Steps for Making a Question الp ا VP اتPHx zx5Q ltQ YC7ا PQ J8Yk p67 U87ا nC1 UVk xe I twk you you twk you I your twk your my you twk you we jQ ا0S89Q 5CD م09- e ltS8b7ا jS ال97ا ن8آ إذا و 58S ltS8b7ا ن8آ إذا ال97ا أداة P- lt1 8-0YS 58S U ltCb7ا ن8آ إذا أQ Ahmed broke the window Who broke the window The book describes accidents What describes accidents who what

ا7zCت How How much jS ال97 ا67 You paid five pounds for this coat How much did you pay for this coat How old jS ال97 UC7ا I am twenty years old How old are you How many jS ال97 ا0C7د Thirty boys are in this class How many boys are in this class jS ال97 How ا787 أو b67ا He was very pleased to meet his friend How was he to meet his friend ا7zCت How How tall jS ال97 أال ا82ص Sami is meter and a half tall How tall is Sami How high jS ال97 ار8S8bkت This fence is four meters high How high is this fence How long jS ال97 ا2ال This rope is two meters long How long is this rope How far jS ال97 ا8D897ت It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh

some 7 أيany ال97ا أو bY7ا 97 و Ut7ا lt7ا pD 8kاأ و م09k و09kم و أYاPQ 8k ا97ال و اpbY7 PQ ا97ال pbY7ا PQ some 1 We had some books 2 Somebody was there 3 He is somewhere any 1 Do you have any books 2 Is anybody at home 3 Is he anywhere 1 We do not have any books 2 I did not see anybody 3 He is not anywhere Making Negative eiا VP ltCb7ا 0C1 آ P- pb- 7إ Ut7ا 7ا lt7 0S897ا pه ة0S897ا ل8CD2اHelping Verbs am is are was were have has had will would shall should can could may might must ought to أQ They are happy They are not happy He can help us He can not help us not

Long forms amp Short forms of Verb to be They are not Theyre not We are not Were not You are not Youre not It is not Its not She is not Shes not He is not Hes not I am not Im not Long Forms Short Forms They are Theyre We are Were You are Youre It is Its She is Shes He is Hes I am Im Long Forms Short Forms Affirmative ت8tا pD Negative pbY7ا pD Making Negative eiا VP Making Negative eiا VP 8-0YS jQ 0S89Q ltCb1 pkYD 0S89Q ltCD 7ا pD j6 7 إذا وه ا8CD2ل ا0S897ة هP- p ول2ا ZUw7ا أي fأ 7إ ltCb7ا دة8Sإ zx5Q PQ 0C1 p787ا ول07ا pD 8آ 67ا pbY1 7ا pbYYD 7ا pD koا ت867ا ى0xإ -8آ إذا zx5Q not do does did every ltآ no not every all ltآ not all asas ltQQ not soas sometimes 8-8xأ never eitheror أو 8Qإ neithernor bothand وjQ ltآ neithernor some nC1 no any Affirmative ت8tا Negative pb-

8v7ا و رات0v7ا و 078v7ا و دات8C7ا jS UtC7 jQ7ا اه م09 دU7ا ltCb7ا أي ltCb7 ول2ا ZUw7ا jQ jQ7ا اه ن6 ltQ ت8آ PQ دة8S jQ7ا اه pk from time to time Uo jx jQ rarely درا8- never ا01أ generally 8QS often 8t78 sometimes 8-8xأ every ltآ always 8دا usually دة8S 1 Present Simple Tense Sا رعgا اampزTENSES i اampزTENSES i أQ 1 I go to school everyday 2 They usually sleep at 1100 pm at 1100 pm 3 We often drink coffee in the morning 4 She is never late to school ltCb7 دة8ز Z- 8 دUbQ ltS8b7ا ن8آ إذا zx5Q 1 Ali drinks milk every morning 2 A cow gives us milk 1 Present Simple Tense Sا رعgا s 1 Present Simple Tense Sا رعgا

pc87ا pD Pو ث0x jS UtC7 jQ7ا اه م09 PQ D8cإ أي ltCb7 p-87ا ZUw7ا jQ jQ7ا اه ن6 zx5Q ا8CD2ل ا87ذة ltQ ت8آ PQ دة8S jQ7ا اه pk in 1988 AD in 1415 AH ltQ pc87ا pD ر8k أي أو yesterday Qأ last pc87ا ago Q 2 Past Simple Tense Sا eا ed Past Simple Tense Sا eا اampزTENSES i اampزTENSES i I He She it was They We You were أQ 1 I watched television last night 2 They visited their uncle yesterday 3 We went to Makkah two months often 2 Past Simple Tense Sا eا

اampزTENSES i lttv97ا pD و0x PQ ث0x jS UtC7 jQ7ا اه م09 ltCb7 ول2ا ZUw7ا او jQ jQ7ا اه ن6 U87ا p81 PQ pkD 8Qأ و 67ا Uc PQ pkk PQ 8701 آ x 0و 07ا -ا pD 8Qا0Jا ر0- j67و U87ا P ltQ ت8آ PQ دة8S jQ7ا اه pk in 2010 AD in 1425 AH ltQ lttv97ا pD ر8k أي أو tomorrow ا0 next دم8v7ا in the future lttv97ا pD 3 Future Simple Tense 6Sz ا اS shall will will we I shall will shall 3 Future Simple Tense Sا 6Sz ا اampزTENSES i أQ 1 I will go to school tomorrow 2 They will play foot ball next Friday 3 He will join the army in the future ام0J81 s9t7ا lttv97 Uأ j6k ك8Yه am is are going to 3 Future Simple Tense Sا 6Sz ا

اampزTENSES i svD نoا Pv ث0x jS UtC7 jQ7ا اه م09 6ن ها اjQ jQ7 I am verb ing He she it is verb ing They we you are verb ing ltQ ت8آ PQ دة8S jQ7ا اه pk listen PJا at the present time Uc87ا 7ا pD now نoا at the moment z7ا ه pD look Uz-ا 4 Present Continuous Tense اgرع ا z am is are ltCD ing 4 Present Continuous Tense z ا رعgا اampزTENSES i أQ 1 I am reading a story at the moment 2 They are watching television now 3 Look the bus is coming 4 Present Continuous Tense z ا رعgا

believe ق0w trust understand b appear Uz fear consider UtC fit J8Y hope ltQ hear P9 think 0vC seem و0t wish Y hate U6 dislike U6 feel UC like love want 0U prefer ltb pc87ا أو U97ا رع87ا اءJ ارUJeا pD Pvk أن j6 e ل8CD2ا nC1 اU97 وه ا8CD2ل jS UtCk اC7ر وا2ذى وا89xس وjQ ه ا8CD2ل 4 Present Continuous Tense z ا رعgا اampزTENSES i اampزTENSES i U أ ltCD عو ء8Yأ pc87ا pD Pو ltCD jS UtC7 jQ7ا اه م09 6ن ها اjQ jQ7 ltQ ت8آ PQ دة8S jQ7ا اه pk Q pc87ا ltk ي7ا و s9t7ا pc87ا jQز CQ pk 8Q دة8S jQ7ا اه اU97 أي ا7ي وP أ8Yء 0xو as أن x because ن2 while 8Y1 when 8Q0YS 4 Present Continuous Tense اgرع ا z was were ltCD ing ٥ Past Continuous Tense z ا eا

اampزTENSES i أQ While I was sleeping a thief entered my room j0x S يk 7ا ه pDU 7 ltد 88- Yآ 8Y1 أ0xهU9Q pc8Q 8 وه اY7م واUo دYل ا7 اDUV7 ا7ي wxgt أ8Yء اY7م When we were eating my father came 8ه0xأ j0x S يk 7ا ه ي07وا ء8 ltآ- 8Yآ 8Y1 ltآ2ا ء8Yأ ltwx ي7ا ي07وا ءpQ Uoوا ltآ2ا وه U9Q pc8Q U9Q pc8Q s91 pc8Q U9Q pc8Q s91 pc8Q 5 Past Continuous Tense z ا eا اampزTENSES i أQ twD YC7ا UV أن دون 7ا sJو s1U7ا أداة Pcو j6 zx5Q p 8آ v1897ا ن87ا A thief entered my room while I was sleeping 88- Yآ 8Y1 pDU 7 ltد My father came when we were eating ltآ- 8Yآ 8Y1 ي07وا ء8 s91 pc8Q U9Q pc8Q s91 pc8Q U9Q pc8Q 5 Past Continuous Tense z ا eا

اampزTENSES i zx5Q 6kOE اf8b7 إذا 01أت ا61 7 وkfف 7و2ا 7ا ZwYQ pD Cو إذا lt ول2ا ن5CD 81 ة0S8 أن 8دا Uآk s91 pc8Q وه 8bQ Uoا و U9Q while while 5 Past Continuous Tense z ا eا اampزTENSES i ةUb 7 U9و lttv97ا pD و0x PQ ءp jS UtC7 jQ7ا اه م09 6ن ها اjQ jQ7 ltQ ت8آ PQ دة8S jQ7ا اه pk 4 Present Continuous Tense اgرع ا z will be ltCD ing all P ltآ after 0C1 fromto 7إjQ at jQ7 0YS by ل1 in ن pD 6 Future Continuous Tense z ا 6Sz ا

اampزTENSES i أQ 1 By 730 tomorrow I will be flying to Cairo 2 They will be waiting for you at 5 oclock 6 Future Continuous Tense z ا 6Sz ا اampزTENSES i أو ت8z7 ltt -ا و pc87ا pD ltwx ث0x jS UtC7 jQ7ا اه م09 نoا x دةQ ر8 7زاe و pc87ا pD -ا 6ن ها اjQ jQ7 ltQ ت8آ PQ دة8S jQ7ا اه pk 4 Present Continuous Tense اgرع ا z has have ltCb7 787ا ZUw7ا I yet نoا x ever 012ا pD never ا01أ recently 80x already 8Q8k since YQ for ة07 just 7ا pD 7 Present Perfect Tense مzا رعgا

اampزTENSES i أQ 1 I have lived in Riyadh for six years 2 I have not visited him since 1995 3 Ahmed has already finished his homework 4 She has written three letters just now 7 Present Perfect Tense مzا رعgا اampزTENSES i Since means from some definite point or period n the past up to now نoا x و pc87ا pD دة0Q ةUD أو v- jQ را8tSا i آ pYCk For means a definite period of time YQز ةUD S ة آ pYCk he came a century Monday 3 minutes yesterday an hour last night many hours last week last month last year 3 days 5 weeks 4 months 1996 a year 2 oclock a moment last century 10 years since YQ For ة07 Since amp For

اampزTENSES i jQز pD 8Q z7 pD -ا و ltwx ث0x jS UtC7 jQ7ا اه م09 pc87ا 6ن ها اjQ jQ7 ltQ ت8آ PQ دة8S jQ7ا اه pk 4 Present Continuous Tense اgرع ا z had ltCb7 787ا ZUw7ا I as soon as 012ا pD which نoا x after YQ before ة07 8 Past Perfect Tense مzا eا اampزTENSES i أQ 1 I had washed before I prayed 2 They went home after they had finished their work 3 Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought 4 As soon as they had bought a car they drove to Makkah ث0x ي7ا s9t7ا pc87ا jQز CQ pk 8Q 8t78 jQ7ا اه أن xe م87ا pc87ا ء8-ا 0C1 8 Past Perfect Tense مzا eا

اampزTENSES i pD 8Q jQز pD ؤ8-ا و و0x PQ ث0x jS UtC7 jQ7ا اه م09 lttv97ا 6ن ها اjQ jQ7 ltQ ت8آ PQ دة8S jQ7ا اه pk 4 Present Continuous Tense اgرع ا z will have ltCb7 787ا ZUw7ا I by ل1 at 0YS 9 Future Perfect Tense مzا 6Sz ا اampزTENSES i أQ 1 By 200 this afternoon I will have finished my work 2 At 1000 tonight she will have written five letters 9 Future Perfect Tense مzا 6Sz ا

اampزTENSES i Y67 و pc87ا pD k و YQ ء Pو ث0x jS UtC7 jQ7ا اه م09 نoا x U9Q 6ن ها اjQ jQ7 ltQ ت8آ PQ دة8S jQ7ا اه pk 4 Present Continuous Tense اgرع ا z has have been ltCD ing I for ة07 since YQ ١٠ Present Perfect Continuous Tense z ا مzا رعgا اampزTENSES i أQ 1 I have been studying English for six years 2 She has been sleeping since 2 oclock ١٠ Present Perfect Continuous Tense z ا مzا رعgا

اampزTENSES i م87ا رع87ا و U97ا م87ا رع87ا j1 قUb- p67 787ا Q2ا xe Maha started making cakes three hours ago There are now one hundred cakes on the table ن6- j7ا ه jQ Present Perfect Continuous Tense z ا رعgا مzا She has been making cakes for three hours Present Perfect Tense رعgا مzا She has made 100 cakes ١٠ Present Perfect Continuous Tense z ا مzا رعgا Present Perfect OE اamp Imperatives Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions invitations signs and notices or telling someone what to do ت8tا pD ن6k 8Qأ lt7ا ا01 pD م09k ل8CDأ pه UQ2ا Vf jS UtC7 ا8C7ت اS07ى ا8رات و ا8zx57ت أو إY8tر ltCb ذا8Q The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as walk read openetc ول2ا ZUw7ا أي ltCb7 9t7ا Vw7ا UQ2ا Vf م09k

OE اamp Imperatives أQ Give Instructions ت8Ck ء8Sإ Mix the flour and the sugar Affirmative ت8tإ Take two tablets every four hours Affirmative ت8tإ Make Invitations ىS07ا Vf Come in make yourselves at home Affirmative ت8tإ Please start do not wait for me Negative pb- Tell someone what to do CbJ 8Q ر8tإ Open your book Affirmative ت8tإ Do not forget to post the letter Negative pb- OE اamp Imperatives أQ Give Warnings اتUk ء8Sإ Keep out Danger Affirmative ت8tإ Make Signs amp Notices ت8zx5Q و رات8إ j6k Push Affirmative ت8tإ Insert 2 X 50 SR Affirmative ت8tإ Keep off the grass Affirmative ت8tإ Make Requests 7ا j6k Please open the door Affirmative ت8tإ

اamp78ل اModals i A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons but it can have several meanings and time frames depending on the context in which it is used و p-8CQ ة0S 7 j67و ص82ا P PQ ة0xوا Vf 7 8Y7ا ltCb7ا أ86ل ز9x YQOE ا7fى ا7ي 09kم D Form Vw7ا shall should will would may might can could must ought to ltCb7 ول2ا ZUw7ا Modals have no infinitives or past participles 78 ZUwk أو ر0wQ 8Y7ا ltCb7 7 اamp78ل اModals i Advice or opinion You should stop smoking اwY7f أو اU7أي The simple future tense He will visit us tomorrow will s9t7ا lttv97ا Vf I will travel when I like We will do as you wish Determination or promise 0S7ا أو w7ا Duty You should obey your teachers should ا7ا Threat You shall be punished if you come late 00k He does not want to obey me but he shall Determination wk Promise You shall take a reward shall 0Sو Example gtل Expresses Vh S7 Modals اamp78ل اiY

اamp78ل اModals i Necessity You must listen to your teachers must ورةU7ا Faisal could not come to our dinner party He had to stay home to study The past form of must past necessity had to pc87ا pD ورةU7ا Fahad could drive his car a year ago Ali is not in class today He could be sick Do not leave now It could rain now Past present or future possibility could lttv97ا رع87ا pc87ا pD -86Qا Ability in the future I shall be able to help you lttv97ا S رة0v7ا shall be able will be able He can do it carefully He is able to solve the problem Ability ا0v7رة can amisare able to I hoped that I might succeed I thought that the weather might change Possibility might -86Qا Example gtل Expresses Vh S7 Modals اamp78ل اiY اamp78ل اModals i You ought to have studied You did not That was a mistake Actions that were advisable in the past pD 8S j997ا jQ ن8آ اث0xأ pc87ا ought to have Advice You ought to help the poor ought to wY7ا Example gtل Expresses Vh S7 Modals اamp78ل اiY

اamp78ل اModals i I might not Might I succeed succeed I might succeed I may sleep I may not sleep May I sleep He will leave He will not leave Will he leave Yes he will No he will not Should they eat Yes they should No they should not now They should not eat now They should eat now He would not Would he leave Yes he would No he would not succeed He would succeed Question إSkت Affirmative Short Answers إRت zyYة Negative equot Negative Affirmative إSkت اamp78ل اModals i You must not go Must you go now Yes I must No I must not now You must go now Ought you to help Yes I ought to No I ought not them You ought not to help them You ought to help them He could not Could he talk Yes he could No he could not talk He could talk I can do it I can not do it Can I do it Yes you can No you can not Could we have a Yes you could No he could not test tomorrow We could not have a test tomorrow We could have a test tomorrow Question إSkت Affirmative Short Answers إRت zyYة Negative equot Negative Affirmative إSkت

Comparing Adjectives رquot اYت V yZ أو V Z V quotرا ١ pD ها اY7ع jQ ا8v7ر- -x5 إD8c ا2 vx57OE ا8bw7ت اUwv7ة آ Ali is older than Ahmed My Car is faster than yours svD Z- 8Y-D فU1 bw7ا -ا إذا safe safer than simple simpler than دة8C78آ Z - 7إ ال v- 8Y-D فU1 bw7ا -ا إذا easy easier than heavy heavier than 4 Present Continuous Tense اgرع ا z er رquot اYت اY ة 1 Comparing Short Adjectives than r e er i y y V yZ أو V Z V ltأآ V quotرا ٢ -x5 ه8Y أه آ اt9k p7 اbw7 ا8v7ر- و x5 إ D8c ه اU7ة Everest is the highest mountain This is the biggest building in Riyadh ة00 Z- e 8Y-D فU1 bw7ا -ا إذا safe the safest دة8C78آ Z - 7إ ال v- 8Y-D فU1 bw7ا -ا إذا easy the easiest 4 Present Continuous Tense اgرع ا z est the رquot اYت اY ة 1 Comparing Short Adjectives e e est i y y Comparing Adjectives رquot اYت

V yZ أو V Z V quotرا ١ jآUQ jDUx jQ Uأآ S ي PvQ ltآ PvQ jQ Uأآ jQ bw7ا ن6k 8Yه j0S8tQ ها اY7ع jQ ا8bw7ت tv egt و e آ آ ت8bw7ا ه t9k ji j1 -ر8v7ا 78x pbD Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh French is more difficult than English est er dangerous U correct f Important Q Fluent wD beautiful lt difficult Cf 2 Comparing Long Adjectives PHا تا quotر than more Comparing Adjectives رquot اYت V yZ أو V Z V ltأآ V quotرا ٢ آ ت8bw7ا ه t9k ji jQ Uأآ j1 -ر8v7ا 78x pD Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class This is the most important subject in this book 2 Comparing Long Adjectives PHا تا quotر the most Comparing Adjectives رquot اYت

-L4 Adel is better than his brother at school This girl is the worst one in her class 2 Comparing Long Adjectives PHا تا quotر farther than less than more than worse than better than jYأ j1 -ر8vQ 0 good the best many the most much ود0C7 Uآ ود0C7ا UV7 Uآ ود0C7ا UV7 lt little the least J bad the worst 0C1 far the farthest YC7ا bw7ا jYأ jQ Uأآ j1 -ر8vQ Comparing Adjectives رquot اYت asas Sg 6lt Y lt not asas 6lt Y lt jbf j1 واة89Q دو jx ح5feا اه م09 Ali is as tall as his brother This bag is as big as my bag jbf j1 واة89Q دو م0S 78x pD ح5feا اه م09 Ali is not as tall as his brother This bag is not as big as my bag asas 6lt Y lt Sg not asas 6lt Y lt

اLوف اampP4ال Adverbs An Adverb always modifies a verb اUz7ف Zw اCb7gt دا8 Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives bw7 D8c31 ن6k وفUz7ا zCQ slow slowly nice nicely happy happily careful carefully ly ly اLوف اampP4ال Adverbs There are many kinds of adverbs هiك hة أquotPاع V اLوف ١ Adverbs of manner express how an action was done اLوف اا h ا Pك اUz7وف اjS UtCk p7 آb وع ا07ث I closed the window carefully The soldier fought bravely 2 Adverbs of time express the time when an action is or was done وف ان اUz7وف اjS UtCk p7 آb ز0x jQوث اCb7gt Im going to leave for Cairo tomorrow Whats going to happen next

اLوف اampP4ال Adverbs 3 Adverbs of place express when an action is done وف ان اUz7وف ا86Q jS UtCk p7ن وع ا07ث I shall stand here Ive looked everywhere for my lost pen Some words that end in can be both adjectives or adverbs Most of them refer to time S ل0k ت867ا ه zCQ ت8bf أو وفU ن6k أن j67ا jQ 1 pYk p7ا ت867ا nC1 ltQ 7ا A daily newspaper is published daily We get up early to catch an early train ly ly yearly 8YJ monthly 8U weekly 8StJأ daily 8Q اLوف اampP4ال Adverbs 4 Adverbs of frequency tell how often we do something ه jQو ءp7ا وث0x اتUQ د0S jS 8-Utk p7ا ارzا h اا وفLا اUz7وف Verb to BE 0S897ا ltCb7ا 0C1 ارU67ا فU pk ن6 ltCD Ali is always on time Other Verbs دي8C7ا ltCb7ا ltt ارU67ا فU pk ىU2ا ل8CD2ا Ali sometimes reads a book seldom درا8- Rarely ا0 درا8- usually دة8S sometimes 8-8xأ Never ا01أ Occasionally Uo px jQ always 8دا often 8t78

Adverbial Clause of Time ا6 ا8L اا h اP أدوات ا Conjunctions when whenever as as soon as while after before until since These words conjunctions link the adverbial clause of time with the main sentence 9U7ا 7ا PQ 7ا S 7ا07ا DUz7ا lt7ا s1Uk ه s1U7ا أدوات ل8Q I found a watch I was walking in the street I found a watch while I was walking in the street Adverbial Clause of Place ا6 ا8L اا h ان أدوات ا Conjunctions where wherever These words conjunctions link the adverbial clause of place with the main sentence 9U7 ا 7ا PQ ن867ا S 7ا07ا DUz7ا lt7ا s1Uk ه s1U7ا أدوات ل8Q Wherever he goes his brother follows him

Adverbial Clause of Cause ا6 ا8L اا h ا ES أدوات ا Conjunctions because since as These words conjunctions link the adverbial clause of cause with the main sentence 9U 7ا 7ا PQ t97ا S 7ا07ا DUz7ا lt7ا s1Uk ه s1U7ا أدوات ل8Q I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining Adverbial Clause of Manner ا6 ا8L اا h ا Pك أدوات ا Conjunctions As as if as through These words conjunctions link the adverbial clause of manner with the main sentence 9U7 ا 7ا PQ ك97ا S 7ا07ا DUz7ا lt7ا s1Uk ه s1U7ا أدوات pvvx U pc8Q 0C1 pk 8دا ل8Q He speaks as if he were a king ل8 دUQ و vvx U 8-2 jQ e01 ام0Jا xe It looks as if it would rain Pk دUQ 8-أ و pv vx U pc8Q وه jQ e01 ام0Jا xe as if will would was were

Adverbial Clause of Purpose ا6 ا8L اا h اOEض أدوات ا Conjunctions that so that in order that These words conjunctions link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence 9U7ا 7ا PQ ضUV7ا S 7ا07ا DUz7ا lt7ا s1Uk ه s1U7ا أدوات a We use may infinitive when the main verb is in the present or future lttv97ا أو رع87ا pD p9U7ا ltCb7ا ن6 8Q0YS رار م09- ل8Q He works hard He wishes to succeed He works hard so that that or in order that he may succeed b We use might infinitive when the main verb is in the simple past s9t7ا pc87ا pD p9U7ا ltCb7ا ن6 8Q0YS رار م09- ل8Q He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late Adverbial Clause of Result ا6 ا8L اا h اzi We use to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result 9U7ا 7ا PQ Y7ا S 7ا07ا DUz7ا lt7ا s1U7 ت8Vw7ا ه م09k ل8Q The man is so weak that he can not walk He wrote such good answers that he got he marks so adverb that such noun that

Adverbial Clause of Contrast ا6 ا8L اا h اizS أدوات ا Conjunctions though although These words conjunctions link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence 9U7ا 7ا PQ n8Y7ا S 7ا07ا DUz7ا lt7ا s1Uk ه s1U7ا أدوات ل8Q He is poor He is happy Although though he is poor he is happy Adverbial Clause of Contrast ا6 ا8L اا h ارquot أدوات ا Conjunctions asas soas These words conjunctions link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence 9U7ا 7ا PQ -ر8v7ا S 7ا07ا DUz7ا lt7ا s1Uk ه s1U7ا أدوات ل8Q Nabeel is as clever as his father Sami is not so strong as his brother

Adverbial Clause of Condition ا6 ا8L اا h ا أدوات ا Conjunctions if unless These words conjunctions link the adverbial clause of condition with the main sentence 9U7 ا 7ا PQ 787ا S 7ا07ا DUz7ا lt7ا s1Uk ه s1U7ا أدوات ل8Q If we are ill we go to bed If we work hard we will succeed If we worked hard we would succeed If he had fallen he would have hurt himself Unless the rain falls the crops will not grow asas Sg 6lt Y lt not asas 6lt Y lt j78x j1 واة89Q دو jx ح5feا اه م09 Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother j78x j1 واة89Q دو م0S 78x pD ح5feا اه م09 Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother asas 6lt Y lt Sg not asas 6lt Y lt

Active amp Passive اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل P 7 h8 نP ezا ا Pه مP 7 eiS مP 7 h8 نP ezا ا Pه لP eiS أو 6 اampه هiك hة أquotPاع V اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل Statements Syا 6ا اampC Questions اamp Command Active amp Passive اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل Ahmed broke the window yesterday وه مCQ 8D ltS8b7ا ن2 H7وذ مC7 pYtQ 7ا ه The window was broken yesterday The window was broken by Ahmed yesterday م CQ U 8D ltS8b7ا ن2 H7وذ ل7 pYtQ 7ا ه وه آpD 8 ا7 ا2و7 أو و86Q Pcن اCb7ل 1 -87ا 7ا pD 8آ 1 by 8t9Q Active Ahmed Passive Ahmed A Statements Syا 6ا

Active amp Passive اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل ل7 pYt7ا 7إ مC7 pYt7ا jQ lt7 787ا ات7ا Pt- Ut7ا lt7ا 78x pD ةU8tQ ltCb7ا 0C1 د1 1 لCb7ا فUC 5S8D tw 1 لCb7ا ١ 1 لCb7 8tJ8YQ 7ا jQز b- pD ltCD P- ٢ 787ا ZUw7ا pD pf2ا ltCb7ا Pc ٣ اUc ن8آ إذا 0و 1 8t9Q ltS8b7ا P- ٤ UVk دون 7ا 8- pD ه 8آ Pc 7ا pD دة8ز أي ٥ by Active to be Passive A Statements Syا 6ا Active amp Passive اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل أQ Huda wrote the lesson The lesson was written by Huda Saleh will buy a car A car will be bought by Saleh Khaled is helping Ahmed Ahmed is being helped by Ali She has eaten the apple The apple has been eaten by her Ali writes letters Letters are written by Ali Active مP 7 eiS Passive لP eiS A Statements Syا 6ا

Active amp Passive اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل p 8آ b7ا YQز2ا PQ ltCD فUw A Statements Syا 6ا was being were being z ا eا am being is being are being z ا رعgا shall be will be Sا 6Sz ا has been have been مzا رعgا had been مzا eا can be could be may be might be must be ought h 678 6آ to be was were Sا eا am is are Sا رعgا to be Active amp Passive اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل ل7 pYt7ا 7إ مC7 pYt7ا jQ lt7 787ا ات7ا Pt- iJ2ا 78x pD ةU8tQ ltCb7ا 0C1 د1 1 لCb7ا فUC 5S8D tw 1 لCb7ا ١ ال97ا jQز b- pD ltCD P- ٢ 787ا ZUw7ا pD pf2ا ltCb7ا Pc ٣ اUc ن8آ إذا 0و 1 8t9Q ltS8b7ا P- ٤ UVk دون 7ا 8- pD ه 8آ Pc 7ا pD دة8ز أي ٥ by Active to be Passive B Questions Campا

Active amp Passive اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل أQ Did he eat the cake Was the cake eaten by him Will Ali buy a new car Will a new car be bought by Ali Why is he using a pen Ahmed is being helped by Ali Who broke the window By whom the window was broken Does Ahmed write letters Are Letters written by Ali Active مP 7 eiS Passive لP eiS B Questions Campا Active amp Passive اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل ل7 pYt7ا 7إ مC7 pYt7ا jQ lt7 787ا ات7ا Pt- UQ2ا 78x pD 7ا أول pD آ Pc ١ ةU8tQ ltCb7ا 0C1 د1 1 لCb7ا فUC 5S8D tw 1 لCb7ا ٢ ن6D UQ2ا أي jQ7ا b- pD ltCD Pc ٣ 787ا ZUw7ا pD pf2ا ltCb7ا Pc ٤ be Active to be Passive C Command ampا let

Active amp Passive اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل أQ Open the door Let the door be opened Send this letter to your friend Let this letter be sent to your friend Write the lesson Let the lesson be written Active مP 7 eiS Passive لP eiS C Command ampا Active amp Passive اP 7 eiSم و اP eiSل ا7 5Q eاJ أو bYQ ل7 pYt7ا 7إ 8k ادU7ا 7ا ن6k 0 ل 7 pYt7ا 7إ lt7ا 0YS lt7ا أو ال97ا اه Vf S zD87ا أQ Those novels were written by Dickens werent they Dickens wrote those novels didnt he Dickens didnt write that play did he That play wasnt written by Dickens was it Ali does not write letters Letters are not written by Ali Active مP 7 eiS Passive لP eiS -L4

Transitive amp Intransitive Verbs اamp78ل ا-ز و اamp78ل ا7z اamp78ل ا-ز Intransitive Verbs ltQ 1 eCbQ k e p7ا pه The sun rises اamp78ل ا-ز Intransitive Verbs Uأآ أو ا0xوا 1 eCbQ k p7ا pه Ali raised his hand lt7ا 8Qأ 81 1 لCbQ دو م0C7 ل7 pYtQ 7إ 8k j6 e Qز57ا ل8CD2ا ل7 pYtQ 7إ 8k j6D 0CQ ل8CDأ يk p7ا ل8Q ل 7 pYtQ 7إ 8k j6 ا7 j7Cb7 0C7ا ل8CD2ا nC1 ك8Yه Ahmed gave Huda a flower jvU1 Ytk a Huda was given a flower by Ahmed b A flower was given to Huda by Ahmed Uk jx lt8C7ا 1 لCb7 Pcو xe ltS8b7ا لCb7ا ltCb7ا 1 ltS8b7ا لCbQ ltCb7ا لCbQ 1 1 Huda to Prepositions 4وف ا 4وف ا آgt ة و P 8 zن ف اPا4 و ا e8 Y7P E 4 sوذ i7 V ltأآ اH اgt 4 B 7zوف ا هe اzرب h i وفآ و 6R ل-x V A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place ل 4وف ا h اV -7 ا6h و اP7ل Y و RP أ4 g وف R دا h اV و 4وف R دا h ان

Use of Prepositions اyzCام 4وف ا To mean above قD YC1 The tea is on the table Special days f8 م8أ I will travel on National Day Afternoon evening date ر87ا My birthday is on June 10 Day morning night ةUb7ا م82ا On Friday morning Day م82ا On Monday on Prepositions Use امyzCا Example لlt 4وف ا Use of Prepositions اyzCام 4وف ا The evening ء897ا I go home in the evening To mean above ltا07ا pD He is in the mosque The morning ح8tw7ا I go to work in the morning Month U The test is in May Year YJ I was born in 1968 Season ltwD The trees grow in spring in Prepositions Use امyzCا Example لlt 4وف ا

Use of Prepositions اyzCام 4وف ا Night lt7ا We sleep at night Noon Uz7ا We pray at noon everyday To mean place ن867 He is at the grocers The weekend عtJ2ا 8- We will travel at the weekend Meal times ت8t7ا ت8أو I will talk to my father at lunch Festival تe8bxeا و د8S2ا I will meat you at the school festival Time 7ا I will come back at 2 oclock at Prepositions Use امyzCا Example لlt 4وف ا Use of Prepositions اyzCام 4وف ا م8Qأ YC1 The teacher is in front of the class in front of k YC1 The cat is under the table under at work ltC7ا pD Ahmed is at work directionplace 8kان86Q I go to school everyday to at the table 7و87ا S They are standing at the dinner table at an exact place د0Q ن86Q pD He lives at number 5 King Fahad Street at Prepositions Use امyzCا Example لlt 4وف ا 4وف ا اا h ان Prepositions of Place

Use of Prepositions اyzCام 4وف ا In a building or area أو YtQ pD You were in the club last night vYQ in bed اشUb7ا pD The baby is in bed In a country 01 pD I live in Saudi Arabia In a chair pJU67ا S Ali is sitting in his chair In a townstreet رع8 pDY0Q pD I live in Al-Madina To mean inside ltدا YC1 Put this book in the box in Prepositions Use امyzCا Example لlt 4وف ا 4وف ا اا h ان Prepositions of Place Use of Prepositions اyzCام 4وف ا TV نb7ا 8 S Ali watches football on TV every Saturday on Samah is sitting between Fatma and Salwa j1 YC1 between Z YC1 The wall is behind the class behind jQ YC1 I am from Riyadh from Time د07ا 7ا He arrives on time 1 YC1 I write with a pen with Prepositions Use امyzCا Example لlt 4وف ا 4وف ا اا h ان Prepositions of Place

Use of Prepositions اyzCام 4وف ا The electrician is putting his hand into the TV into pD ltدا opposite The bank is opposite to the post office lt18vQ between The house is between the school and the mosque j1 near Ahmed is sitting near the window jQ بUv781 on The knife is on the table S onto The water is spilling onto the floor S at Someone is at the door بUv781 0YS The medicine is in the bottle in pD Prepositions Example لlt 4وف ا More Examples ltampا V ا Use of Prepositions اyzCام 4وف ا among sJو The teacher is sitting among the students The ball is going through the window through ل5 UtS underbelow The fire is under below the stairs ltbJأ k overabove Sأ قD The light is over above the table out of قD jQ The child is falling out of the window across ل5 UtS The carpenter cut across the wood off The man is falling off the chair S jQ Prepositions Example لlt 4وف ا More Examples ltampا V ا

Use of Prepositions اyzCام 4وف ا The electrician is putting his hand into the TV into pD ltدا opposite The bank is opposite to the post office lt18vQ between The house is between the school and the mosque j1 near Ahmed is sitting near the window jQ بUv781 on The knife is on the table S onto The water is spilling onto the floor S at Someone is at the door بUv781 0YS The medicine is in the bottle in pD Prepositions Example لlt 4وف ا More Examples ltampا V ا Use of Prepositions اyzCام 4وف ا next to The bank is next to the bakers ار1 along The man is walking along the street ل S at the side of The garage is at the side of the house -81 on top of S قD The sweets are on top of the table The child is sitting in front of the TV in front of م8Qأ behind The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils وراء Z The car is going round the tree round لx Prepositions Example لlt 4وف ا More Examples ltampا V ا

Question-Tags اampC ا ها اPiع V اamph a H C اampC ا وه7 eدل oSz zy الpC Vh رةSh Pوه 7ا sآ أ V ا ه gty دةh الp ا اوه YS Sx R zSlt YS ezا ا quotآ ذا8 eiأ أو تSkا 4 Pن ها ا pال e8 اei و إذا آquot P iن ا pال zSlt أ PRاب ها ا pال oSz 8 ا 4 V اSkت أو اei أي ylt ا pال ها اPiع V اampz Cاول آgt ا ih اzث OE اquot إ أquot6 Y اyzCاe8 Y اquot اPz ا-Uz ها ا97ال و اS 18 Theres a supermarket near here isnt there Yes there is 8Qأ 8bYQ lt7ا 8S ال97ا ء8 ا7 tQ ال97ا اه Q0vk p7ا 7ا ت8t81 ن6D اب7ا pbY7 H7وذ 0C1 P- 0S897ا ltCb7ا م0v- عY7ا اه jQ eاJ ن6- p67و و اoن ا-Uz ا87ل اp787 You come from the United States dont you Yes I do 0S89Q ltCD دو م0C7 H7وذ ام0J81 ال97ا ltk do k ل87ا اه pD Yes not Questions that we expect the answer Yes B7quot h Rا oPzquot Cأ Question-Tags اampC ا

1 You dont come from Saudi Arabia do you No I dont 2 It doesnt take long time be car does it No it doesnt 0S89Q ltCbآ 8YQ0Jا ا7 s9t7ا رع87ا jQز pD ال97ا أن 8Yه xe ٣ You didnt travel last year did you No I didnt 0S89Q ltCbآ 8YQ0Jا ا7 s9t7ا pc87ا jQز pD ال9 did 7ا أن 8Yه xe dodoes Questions that we expect the answer No h Rا oPzquot Cأ Question-Tags اampC ا Conditional if 3ا P ها ا07ث j6Q وS If it rains tomorrow I will stay at home t7ا pD v1J ا0 Uk إن If you eat too much you will become fat ل8Q ١ if present رع8Q will أول ZUwk

Conditional if 3ا P 2 if past pc8Q would ل أو ZUwk Sو lt9Q أو j6Q U ث07ا اه If Shakespeare lived today he would use different English pc87ا ltCb7ا 8YQ0Jا 8Y-أ 8أ xe م7ا 8x ن6 أن lt9Q Ut96 أن xe pc87ا S ل0 e Y67 PQ s9t7ا ة0S8v7ا pه وه 7ا jQ p-87ا ء7ا pD ر0w7ا 8YQ0Jا و 7 x ام0Jا P 9- e و ة0S8v7ا ه pD 7إ لk أن 8أ xe آ8ن اUbQ ltS8b7دا If I were you I would buy a new car ل8Q if subject past subject would أول ZUwk would was were be Conditional if 3ا P If he had lived in Taif he would have been happy If he had visited Makkah he would have seen the Kaaba 3 if had 78 ZUwk would have 78 ZUwk

Conditional if 3ا P 18 و دا vvx ltCb7ا - 8D ن6k p7ا 787ا pD آU7ا اه م09 If you boil water it becomes steam را81 tw -D ء87ا 8Y 8Y-أ 7 و رع87ا pD آ ءت8 ا7 jCQ 1 ة0vQ 97 و 18 vvx ه و lttv97ا pD 97 4 if present رع8Q present رع8Q ٥ if present رع8Q instructions ت8Ck If the radio is too loud turn it off Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud If you are under 17 dont drive a car Or Dont drive a car if you are under 17 becomes Reported Speech ا-م اPiل U8tQ UV7ا م567ا 8أ 9 lt7ا jQ عY7ا اه Indirect Speech There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech U8t7ا U و U8t7ا م567ا jQ اع-أ C1أر ك8Yه 1 Statement Ut7ا 7ا 2 Question ال97ا 3 Command 7ا 4 Exclamation C7ا

Reported Speech ا-م اPiل 787ا ات7ا Pt- لvYQ م5آ 7إ U8tQ jQ Ut lt7 لv7ا ltCD U7ا أو Jeا P- -١ 8YS ء8YVJeا 8YY6 و s1U7ا أداة P- -٢ U87ا ه أه و YC7ا 9x U87ا ل- -٣ I he she we they My his her our their p 8آ YQز2ا ل- -٤ Present رع8Q Past pc8Q Past pc8Q Past Perfect م8k pc8Q ٥- -fل nC1 ا867ت إن و0ت آp 8 Now نoا then iYx here 8Yه there ك8Yه Last night 8Yه the night before ك8Yه this 8Yه that ك8Yه yesterday 8Yه the day before ك8Yه tomorrow 8Yه the following day ك8Yه ا اStatement Sy that Reported Direct said Reported Speech ا-م اPiل ا اStatement Sy She says I will cook the food tomorrow She says that she will cook the food tomorrow ف8cأ pYCk p7وا رة8tS 8YQ e01 P- 0xوا 6Q 7 j j1 ك8Yه ن8آ إذا He said to me quotI shall see you tomorrow He told me that he would see me the next day U87ا pD svD ن6 UV7ا 8-إ 7ا Y Qأز UVk e iYx رع8Q لv7ا آ -8آ إذا They told him that they would see him the next day and added that they would visit Ahmed They said to him We shall see you tomorrow We shall visit Ahmed We say We are playing football now We say that we are playing football now She said that she had not been to the school library recently She said quotI have not been in the school library recently We are happy They said that they were happy I live in Riyadh He said that he lived in Riyadh Direct U8tQ Indirect U8tQ U and added that say says

Reported Speech ا-م اPiل 787ا ات7ا Pt- لvYQ م5آ 7إ U8tQ jQ الJ lt7 p 8آ pوه ال97ا jQز د0 ltCb7ا -١ Present رع8Q Past pc8Q Past pc8Q Past Perfect م8k pc8Q ٢- إذا آ8ن ا97ال fي S أداة Jال 09kم -89b آداة رs1 0S89 7ا ltCb7ا S ltS8b7ا 0v1 ه و Ut 7إ ال97ا ltk -٣ 7ا YCQ 9x U87ا nC1 UVk x5 -٤ ا pال Question Reported Direct asked Reported Speech ا-م اPiل Does he go to school I asked him if he went to school Where do you live He asked me where I lived 09kم آداة ر97 s1ال ا7ي e fي S أداة Jال إذا آ8ن ا97ال 0tأ أو fي S أو ا8Dx و x ل اCb7gt إ7 زjQ اpc87 اs9t7 Is your school very large He asked me if my school was very large Where is your book He asked me where my book was Why are you late The teacher asked me why I was late What is your name He asked me what my name was Direct U8tQ Indirect U8tQ U if ا pال Question does do

Reported Speech ا-م اPiل Did Ahmed buy a new car Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car Where did you go yesterday Sami asked me where I had gone the day before U87ا pD svD ن6 UV7ا 8-إ 7ا YQ أز UVk e iYx رع8Q ال97ا آ -8آ إذا Who is your English teacher They ask me who my English teacher is 78 ZUwk s9t7ا pc87ا jQز 7 إ ltCb7ا لx و 8Dxا S ي أو أ0t ال97ا ن8آ إذا What are your marks He asks me what my marks are Direct U8tQ Indirect U8tQ U ا pال Question had did ask asks Reported Speech ا-م اPiل ات7ا Pt- لvYQ م5آ 7إ U8tQ jQ t lt7 787ا UQ2ا 1 0wv م567ا ن8آ إذا UQأ م09- -١ و -09م ر8ء إذا آ8ن ا567م 1 0wv ا8U7ء و اJ7gt و -09م -w إذا آ8ن ا567م 1 0wv اwY7f و -09م أYUt إذا آ8ن ا567م jQ Q إ89 7و tkU7ا pD ltCb7ا ltt آ Pc و xb7ا اس2ا فxا -٢ ٣- اxف آjQ p ا7 إن و8k0 tJ 8وآ YC7ا 9x U87ا و ت867ا nC1 U -٤ I Command E Hا Reported Direct ordered begged advised told to Please do

Reported Speech ا-م اPiل He told me not to go to the market that night He said to me Do not go to the market tonight The doctor advised me to drink a lot of water The doctor said to me Drink a lot of water The son begged his father to give him some money The son said to his father please give me some money He ordered the servant to bring him a glass of water He said to the servant bring me a glass of water Direct U8tQ Indirect U8tQ U Command E Hا Reported Speech ا-م اPiل ات7ا Pt- لvYQ م5آ 7إ U8tQ jQ Ck lt7 787ا ltQ 8S ل0k آ 8YQ e01 Pcو C7ا آ فxا -١ ٢- اxف ا2اس و Pc آ Ut7 ا 7ا pD tJ 8وآ YC7ا 9x ل8CD2ا و U87ا و ت867ا U -٣ ltQ Ck 6آ ltCJا م8bJا فUx 8Qإ C7ا ت8آ zx5Q 7ا 8- pD Ck Q5S د1 8DUCkو C7ا Q5S د1 8DUCk و ltQ 8kا1 Ck آ أو Exclamation E7zا Reported Direct Alas Hurrah Oh that With sadness ن1 With joy حUb1 With admiration ب8S31 With regret م0Y1 With anger V1 how what

Reported Speech ا-م اPiل He said with regret that he had been foolish He said How foolish I have been He said with sorrow that he would not find his money He said Alas I will not find my money Direct U8tQ Indirect U8tQ U Exclamation E7zا Countries and Nationalities اS ان و اi ت 5Q لvYD 9Y7ا j67 H7ذ و 0t7ا Je ي فUx Z- 8Q دة8S 1UC7ا V7ا pD اC97د CJدي pه و D8c7 Q وفUx ك8YD -ا V7ا pD 8Qأ i n ian ish ese Q2ا nC1 وه وفU7ا 7 18 ة0S8 ك8Yه 7 و Libya Libyan Algeria Algerian Oman Omani Palestine Palestinian Syria Syrian Saudi Arabia Saudi Country Nationality France French Lebanon Lebanese China Chinese Turkey Turkish Switzerland Swiss Britain British Country Nationality